2010-11-16T20:05:16Z

Jlee: /* Publications Based on this Database */

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! <h1 style="margin:0; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Antitrust World Reports by Professor Keith N. Hylton</h1>
|-
| AntitrustWorldWiki.com is a collaborative database covering antitrust laws around the world. Its purpose is to provide information on the key provisions of antitrust laws in a manner that enables users of this wiki to compare antitrust enforcement regimes around the world. We will expand the site to include new information and to enable users to post comments and observations.
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== Authors ==
'''Keith N. Hylton''', a professor of law at Boston University, has published numerous articles in American law journals and peer-reviewed law and economics journals. His antitrust textbook, [http://www.amazon.com/Antitrust-Law-Economic-Theory-Evolution/dp/0521793785/ref=sr_1_1/002-8545403-9069605?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1185315361&sr=8-1 ''Antitrust Law: Economic Theory and Common Law Evolution''], was published by Cambridge University Press in 2003. [http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/profiles/bios/full-time/hylton_k.html View full faculty profile.]

'''Research Assistants'''
:*[[Sean Miller]]
:*Nicola Leiter
:*[[User:AchalOza|Achal Oza]]
:*[[User:Kajrozga|Kaj Rozga]]
:*[[User:JWSchneider|Jacob Schneider]]
:*[[User:HCargill|Helen Hostetter]]
:*[[User:LMyhre|Lynne Myhre]]
:*Katerina Novak
:*Marc Shapiro
:*[[User:JLee|Jacqueline Lee]]

In addition to their own research, the authors have relied on translations and additional research by Boston University graduate and law students, especially Dena Milligan and Andrea Tkacikova.

Special thanks to Matt Grayson for designing the site logo.

== Suggested Citation Format ==

[Signal] Keith N. Hylton et al., [article/page/report name], Antitrust World Reports, ''available at'' [URL location] [(optional other parenthetical)] (as of [date], [time] GMT).

'''Examples'''
* Keith N. Hylton et al., Antitrust World Reports, ''available at'' <nowiki>http://antitrustworldwiki.com</nowiki> (as of October 10, 2007, 05:30 PM GMT).
* Keith N. Hylton et al., <u>Country Report: Romania (December 10, 2003)</u>, Antitrust World Reports, ''available at'' <nowiki>http://antitrustworldwiki.com/antitrustwiki/index.php/Romania_%28December_10%2C_2003%29</nowiki> (noting Romania's ban on tying) (as of October 10, 2007, 05:30 PM GMT).

== Notice on Accuracy of Data ==

'''AntitrustWorldWiki.com''' is a unique research tool. It is designed not for formal publication, but as a means to methodically draw-out factual information regarding the ever-changing body of international competition law. The authors assert only that the data on these pages is accurate to the best of their knowledge. The authors readily welcome and encourage any outside expertise on a particular jurisdiction's formal law or the extent of its enforcement.

== Research Support ==

The authors thank [http://www.bu.edu/law/ Boston University School of Law] and [http://www.microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation] for research support.

== Publications Based on this Database ==
* Keith N. Hylton and Fei Deng, Antitrust Around the World: An Empirical Analysis of the Scope of Competition Laws and Their Effects, 74 Antitrust L.J. 2 (2007). This article is available at http://www.nera.com/extImage/PUB_AntitrustLawJournal.pdf.

== Databases Notes ==
* [[Author's Notes]]
* [[Index Definitions]]
* [[Notes on Scoring]]

== Special Reports ==
* [[Predatory Pricing Report]]
* [[Competition Enforcement Budgets]]
* [[Penalties Report]]

== Country Reports ==
The following data represents a comprehensive survey of current antitrust regimes throughout the world. The original texts of individual statutes in each country were examined for the presence of various elements. Each included country receives an individual report here that indicates the presence or absence of these various elements in the country’s statutes. The presence of an element is accompanied by a short explanation and/or citation to the applicable statute. The elements themselves are defined [[Index Definitions|here]]. Some definitions are broad and could be divided into subcategories, in these cases, detailed comments are provided. Each report also includes a numerical score for comparison across countries and regions, or for empirical analysis.

{| style="background:#99CCCC; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Europe: European Union'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
|[[European Commission]]
|}

<h2 style="margin:0; background:#99CCCC; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:center; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Member Countries</h2>
{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Austria]]
| [[Belgium]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| [[Cyprus]]
| [[Czech Republic]]
| [[Denmark]]
|

|- align="center"
| [[Estonia]]
| [[Finland]]
| [[France]]
| [[Germany]]
| [[Greece]]
| [[Hungary]]
|

|- align="center"
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Italy]]
| [[Latvia]]
| [[Lithuania]]
| [[Luxembourg]]
| [[Malta]]
|

|- align="center"
| [[Netherlands]]
| [[Poland]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Slovak Republic]]
| [[Slovenia]]
|

|- align="center"
| [[Spain]]
| [[Sweden]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
|
|
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CC99; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Europe: Non-European Union'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"

|- align="center"
| [[Albania]]
| [[Armenia]]
| [[Belarus]]
| [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
| [[Croatia]]
| [[Faroe Island]]

|- align="center"
| [[Georgia]]
| [[Greenland]]
| [[Iceland]]
| [[Jersey, Channel Islands]]
| [[Macedonia]]
| [[Moldova]]

|- align="center"

| [[Norway]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[Serbia]]
| [[Switzerland]]
| [[Turkey]]
| [[Ukraine]]

|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CCCC; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Asia'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"

|- align="center"
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[Brunei Darussalam]]
| [[China]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
| [[India]]
| [[Indonesia]]

|- align="center"
| [[Japan]]
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| [[Lao PDR]]
| [[Mongolia]]
| [[Pakistan]]

|- align="center"
| [[Singapore]]
| [[South Korea]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| [[Taiwan]]
| [[Tajikistan]]
| [[Thailand]]

|- align="center"

| [[Uzbekistan]]
| [[Vietnam]]
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CC99; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Central and Southern Africa'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Angola]]
| [[Benin]]
| [[Botswana]]
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| [[Cameroon]]
| [[Cote d'Ivoire]]
| [[Kenya]]

|- align="center"
| [[Malawi]]
| [[Mali]]
| [[Mauritius]]
| [[Namibia]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| [[Senegal]]

|- align="center"
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Tanzania]]
| [[Zambia]]
| [[Zimbabwe]]
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CCCC; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Middle East and Northern Africa'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"

|- align="center"
| [[Algeria]]
| [[Bahrain]]
| [[Egypt]]
| [[Iran]]
| [[Israel]]
| [[Jordan]]
| [[Morocco]]

|- align="center"
| [[Qatar]]
| [[Saudi Arabia]]
| [[Syria]]
| [[Tunisia]]
| [[United Arab Emirates]]
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CC99; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Oceania'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"

|- align="center"
| [[Australia]]
| [[Fiji]]
| [[New Zealand]]
| [[Papua New Guinea]]
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CCCC; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''North America'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Canada]]
| [[United States]]
|
|
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CC99; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Caribbean'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Barbados]]
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CCCC; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''Central America'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Costa Rica]]
| [[El Salvador]]
| [[Guatemala]]
| [[Honduras]]
| [[Mexico]]
| [[Nicaragua]]

|- align="center"
| [[Panama]]
|
|
|
|
|

|}

|}

{| style="background:#99CC99; color=white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" width="100%"
|- style="color=white" align="center"
| '''South America'''
|-
|

{| style="background:white" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" width="100%"
|- align="center"
| [[Argentina]]
| [[Bolivia]]
| [[Brazil]]
| [[Chile]]
| [[Colombia]]
| [[Guyana]]

|- align="center"
| [[Peru]]
| [[Uruguay]]
| [[Venezuela]]
|
|

|}

|}

__NOTOC__

EU Law, 2010

2010-11-13T21:23:34Z

Jlee:

'''Score = 28'''

'''Governed by:'''
*''EU law:''
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the TFEU.
:* Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref>

Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Subcategory !! Score !! Comment

|- class="categorydivision"
| Scope
| Extraterritoriality
| 1
| EU law (the Rome Treaty) governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

|- class="categorydivision"
| Remedies
| Fines
| 1
| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VI, Articles 23 and 24)

|-
|
| Prison Sentences
| 0
|

|-
|
| Divestitures
| 1
| Article 8(4) of Regulation 139/2004 (EC Merger Regulation).

|- class="categorydivision"
| Private Enforcement
| 3rd Party Initiation
| 1
| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter III, Article 7(2))

|-
|
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
| 1
| Private citizens have a right to bring a civil action in a national court with adequate competence.<ref>Green Paper: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0672:FIN:EN:PDF</ref>

|-
|
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
| 1
| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VIII, Article 27(3)) - 3rd parties may be heard by the Comission in proceedings; interested 3rd parties have the right to be heard in merger assessment proceedings (preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, para. 38)

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification
| Voluntary
| 0
|

|-
|
| Mandatory
| 3
| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

|-
|
| Pre-merger
| 2
| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

|-
|
| Post-merger
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Assessment
| Dominance
| 1
| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b), 2(2) and 2(3)
|-
|
| Restriction of Competition
| 1
| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1), 2(2) and 2(3)

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro D)
| 1
| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b)

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
| 1
| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b)

|-
|
| Other
| 0
|

|-
|
| Efficiency
| 1
| Preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004 on page 4 (para. 29).

|- class="categorydivision"
| Dominance
| Limits Access
| 1
| Article 102(b) of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits abuse of a dominant position.

|-
|
| Price Setting
| 1
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits price setting.

|-
|
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| Article 102(c) of the TEFF prohibits discriminatory conditions.

|-
|
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits resale price maintenance.

|-
|
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Restrictive Trade Practices
| Price Fixing
| 1
| Article 101(1)(a) of the TEFF prohibits price fixing.

|-
|
| Tying
| 1
| Article 101(1)(e) of the TEFF prohibits tying.

|-
|
| Market Division
| 1
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at

http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Output Restraint
| 1
| Article 101(1)(b)of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Market Sharing
| 1
| Article 101(1)(c)of the TEFF prohibits market sharing.

|-
|
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| Article 101(1) of the TEFF prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.

|-
|
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at

http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| Article 101(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| Article 101(3)of the TEFF allows an efficiency defense.

|}

== References ==
<references />

United States

2010-11-13T21:19:02Z

Jlee:

== Competition Statutes ==
* [[United States 2007|United States 2007]]
* [[United States 1977|United States 1977]]

2010-10-13T17:20:38Z

Jlee:

'''Score = 27'''

'''Governed by:'''
*''EU law:''
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the EC treaty
:* Regulation 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref> and

Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Subcategory !! Score !! Comment

|- class="categorydivision"
| Scope
| Extraterritoriality
| 1
| EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Remedies
|Fines
| 1
|Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.

|-
|
| Prison Sentences
| 0
| The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the ''national'' law can result in prison sentences.

|-
|
| Divestitures
| 1
| Are. L.430-8 of the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Private Enforcement
|3rd Party Initiation
|1
|L.470-7 of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.

|-
|
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
| 1
| Private enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepaper_en.pdf</ref>

|-
|
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
| 1
| Art. L.463-1 of the Code de Commerce states that "interested parties" may participate in proceedings.

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Voluntary
| 0
|

|-
|
| Mandatory
| 3
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge.

|-
|
| Pre-merger
| 2
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.

|-
|
| Post-merger
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Assessment
| Dominance
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Restriction of Competition
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro D)
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest, especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
| 0
|

|-
|
| Other
| 0
|

|-
|
| Efficiency
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Dominance
| Limits Access
| 1
| Article 82(b) of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits abuse of a dominant position.

|-
|
| Price Setting
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price setting.

|-
|
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| Article 82(c) of the EC treaty prohibits discriminatory conditions.

|-
|
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits resale price maintenance.

|-
|
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Restrictive Trade Practices
| Price Fixing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price fixing.

|-
|
| Tying
| 1
| Article 81(1)(e) of the EC treaty prohibits tying.

|-
|
| Market Division
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Output Restraint
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b)of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Market Sharing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(c)of the EC treaty prohibits market sharing.

|-
|
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| Article 81(1) of the EC treaty prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.

|-
|
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| Article 81(3)of the EC treaty allows an efficiency defense.

|}

== References ==
<references />

France, 2009

2010-10-13T17:20:11Z

'''Score = 27'''

'''Governed by:'''
*''EU law:''
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the EC treaty
:* Regulation 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref> and

Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.

*''French Law:''
:*Some French competition law is codified in provisions of the code de la consommation (consumer code).<ref>Available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20080624</ref>
:*The majority is contained in Livre (book) IV of the Code de Commerce.<ref> most recent version of the Code available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?dateTexte=20080624&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000005634379&fastReqId=239729146&fastPos=6&oldAction=rechCodeArticle</ref><ref>Limited English version available at http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=32&r=3094</ref><ref>The French Commercial Code in English 2005, Philip Raworth translator, 2005, Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, Inc.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Subcategory !! Score !! Comment

|- class="categorydivision"
| Scope
| Extraterritoriality
| 1
| EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Remedies
|Fines
| 1
|Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.

|-
|
| Prison Sentences
| 0
| The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the ''national'' law can result in prison sentences.

|-
|
| Divestitures
| 1
| Are. L.430-8 of the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Private Enforcement
|3rd Party Initiation
|1
|L.470-7 of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.

|-
|
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
| 1
| Private enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepaper_en.pdf</ref>

|-
|
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
| 1
| Art. L.463-1 of the Code de Commerce states that "interested parties" may participate in proceedings.

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Voluntary
| 0
|

|-
|
| Mandatory
| 3
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge.

|-
|
| Pre-merger
| 2
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.

|-
|
| Post-merger
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Assessment
| Dominance
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Restriction of Competition
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro D)
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest, especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
| 0
|

|-
|
| Other
| 0
|

|-
|
| Efficiency
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Dominance
| Limits Access
| 1
| Article 82(b) of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits abuse of a dominant position.

|-
|
| Price Setting
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price setting.

|-
|
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| Article 82(c) of the EC treaty prohibits discriminatory conditions.

|-
|
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits resale price maintenance.

|-
|
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Restrictive Trade Practices
| Price Fixing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price fixing.

|-
|
| Tying
| 1
| Article 81(1)(e) of the EC treaty prohibits tying.

|-
|
| Market Division
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Output Restraint
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b)of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Market Sharing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(c)of the EC treaty prohibits market sharing.

|-
|
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| Article 81(1) of the EC treaty prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.

|-
|
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| Article 81(3)of the EC treaty allows an efficiency defense.

|}

== References ==
<references />

France

2010-10-13T17:20:04Z

Jlee:

<h1 style="margin:0; font-size:155%;text-align:left; color:#666; padding:0.2em 0.2em;">National Law</h1>

:* [[France, 2009]]
:* [[France, 2005]]
:* [[France, 1999]]
:* [[France, 1986]]
:*[[France, 1977]]
:*[[France, 1967]]
:*[[France, 1953]]
:*[[France, 1810]]

<h1 style="margin:0; font-size:155%;text-align:left; color:#666; padding:0.2em 0.2em;">EU law</h1>
:* [[France/EU, 2009]]<ref>As a member of the EU, France is obliged to apply EU competition law in some circumstances, but not when anticompetitive practices and effects are limited to the French market. This coding represents how the French authorities would apply EU Law in the national courts.</ref>

<h2 style="margin:0; font-size:140%;text-align:left; color:#666; padding:0.2em 0.2em;">References</h2>
<references />

France/EU, 2009

2010-10-13T17:18:51Z

Jlee:

'''Score = 27'''

'''Governed by:'''
*''EU law:''
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the EC treaty
:* Regulation 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref> and

Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.

*''French Law:''
:*Some French competition law is codified in provisions of the code de la consommation (consumer code).<ref>Available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20080624</ref>
:*The majority is contained in Livre (book) IV of the Code de Commerce.<ref> most recent version of the Code available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?dateTexte=20080624&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000005634379&fastReqId=239729146&fastPos=6&oldAction=rechCodeArticle</ref><ref>Limited English version available at http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=32&r=3094</ref><ref>The French Commercial Code in English 2005, Philip Raworth translator, 2005, Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, Inc.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Subcategory !! Score !! Comment

|- class="categorydivision"
| Scope
| Extraterritoriality
| 1
| EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Remedies
|Fines
| 1
|Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.

|-
|
| Prison Sentences
| 0
| The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the ''national'' law can result in prison sentences.

|-
|
| Divestitures
| 1
| Are. L.430-8 of the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Private Enforcement
|3rd Party Initiation
|1
|L.470-7 of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.

|-
|
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
| 1
| Private enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepaper_en.pdf</ref>

|-
|
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
| 1
| Art. L.463-1 of the Code de Commerce states that "interested parties" may participate in proceedings.

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Voluntary
| 0
|

|-
|
| Mandatory
| 3
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge.

|-
|
| Pre-merger
| 2
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.

|-
|
| Post-merger
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Assessment
| Dominance
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Restriction of Competition
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro D)
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest, especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
| 0
|

|-
|
| Other
| 0
|

|-
|
| Efficiency
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Dominance
| Limits Access
| 1
| Article 82(b) of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits abuse of a dominant position.

|-
|
| Price Setting
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price setting.

|-
|
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| Article 82(c) of the EC treaty prohibits discriminatory conditions.

|-
|
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits resale price maintenance.

|-
|
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Restrictive Trade Practices
| Price Fixing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price fixing.

|-
|
| Tying
| 1
| Article 81(1)(e) of the EC treaty prohibits tying.

|-
|
| Market Division
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Output Restraint
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b)of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Market Sharing
| 1
| Article 81(1)(c)of the EC treaty prohibits market sharing.

|-
|
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| Article 81(1) of the EC treaty prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.

|-
|
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| Article 81(3)of the EC treaty allows an efficiency defense.

|}

== References ==
<references />

2010-09-23T01:03:35Z

Jlee:

Governed by: Competition Bill, 2010 (hereinafter referred to as “Competition Bill”). <ref> http://www.compag.gov.hk/reference/LegCo_Brief_on_Competition_Bill_with_Annex_2010_Eng.PDF</ref>

UPDATE IN PROGRESS

== References ==
<references />

Hong Kong (2010)

2010-09-23T01:03:01Z

Jlee: