EU Law, 2010 - Revision history

Jlee at 21:23, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:23:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:23, 13 November 2010
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	'''Score = 24'''		'''Score = 28'''

	'''Governed by:'''		'''Governed by:'''
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	\|		\|
	\| Mandatory		\| Mandatory
	\| 1		\| 3
	\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

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	\|		\|
	\| Pre-merger		\| Pre-merger
	\| 1		\| 2
	\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

Jlee at 21:15, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:15:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 13 November 2010
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	'''Score = 27'''		'''Score = 24'''

	'''Governed by:'''		'''Governed by:'''

Jlee at 21:15, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:15:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 13 November 2010
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	\|		\|
	\| Mandatory		\| Mandatory
	\| 3		\| 1
	\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

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	\|		\|
	\| Pre-merger		\| Pre-merger
	\| 2		\| 1
	\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

Jlee at 21:14, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:14:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 13 November 2010
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	\| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings		\| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VIII, Article 3)) - 3rd parties may be heard by the Comission in proceedings; interested 3rd parties have the right to be heard in merger assessment proceedings (preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, para. 38)		\| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VIII, Article 27(3)) - 3rd parties may be heard by the Comission in proceedings; interested 3rd parties have the right to be heard in merger assessment proceedings (preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, para. 38)

	\|- class="categorydivision"		\|- class="categorydivision"

Jlee at 21:12, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:12:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:12, 13 November 2010
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	\| Obstacles to Entry		\| Obstacles to Entry
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market~~<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec~~.~~europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>~~		\| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market.

	\|-		\|-

Jlee at 21:10, 13 November 2010

2010-11-13T21:10:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:10, 13 November 2010
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	\| Extraterritoriality		\| Extraterritoriality
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.		\| EU law (the Rome Treaty) governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

	\|- class="categorydivision"		\|- class="categorydivision"
	\|Remedies		\| Remedies
	\|Fines		\| Fines
	\| 1		\| 1
	\|~~Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.~~		\| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VI, Articles 23 and 24)

	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\| Prison Sentences		\| Prison Sentences
	\| 0		\| 0
	\| ~~The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the ''national'' law can result in prison sentences.~~		\|

	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\| Divestitures		\| Divestitures
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| ~~Are. L.430-~~8 of ~~the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers~~.		\| Article 8(4) of Regulation 139/2004 (EC Merger Regulation).

	\|- class="categorydivision"		\|- class="categorydivision"
	\|Private Enforcement		\| Private Enforcement
	\|3rd Party Initiation		\| 3rd Party Initiation
	\|1		\| 1
	\|~~L.470-~~7 ~~of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.~~		\| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter III, Article 7(2))

	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties		\| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| Private ~~enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission~~.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/~~comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper~~/~~whitepaper_en~~.~~pdf~~</ref>		\| Private citizens have a right to bring a civil action in a national court with adequate competence.<ref>Green Paper: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0672:FIN:EN:PDF</ref>

	\|-		\|-
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	\| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings		\| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| ~~Art. L.463~~-~~1 of~~ the ~~Code de Commerce states that "~~interested parties~~" may participate~~ in proceedings.		\| Council Regulation 1/2003 (Chapter VIII, Article 3)) - 3rd parties may be heard by the Comission in proceedings; interested 3rd parties have the right to be heard in merger assessment proceedings (preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, para. 38)

	\|- class="categorydivision"		\|- class="categorydivision"
	\| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under		\| Merger Notification

	~~Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>~~
	\| Voluntary		\| Voluntary
	\| 0		\| 0
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	\| Mandatory		\| Mandatory
	\| 3		\| 3
	\| ~~Art. L.430-2~~ of ~~the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge~~.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

	\|-		\|-
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	\| Pre-merger		\| Pre-merger
	\| 2		\| 2
	\| ~~Art. L.430-2~~ of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.		\| Article 4(1), Articles 6 and 7 of EC Merger Regulation 139/2004.

	\|-		\|-
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	\| Dominance		\| Dominance
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| ~~Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.~~		\| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b), 2(2) and 2(3)

	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\| Restriction of Competition		\| Restriction of Competition
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| ~~Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.~~		\| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1), 2(2) and 2(3)

	\|-		\|-
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	\| Public Interest (Pro D)		\| Public Interest (Pro D)
	\| 1		\| 1
	\| ~~Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest~~, ~~especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.~~		\| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b)

	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\| Public Interest (Pro Authority)		\| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
	\| 0		\| 1
	\|		\| EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004, Article 2(1)(b)

	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\| Efficiency		\| Efficiency
	\| 0		\| 1
	\|		\| Preamble to EC Merger Control Regulation 139/2004 on page 4 (para. 29).

	\|- class="categorydivision"		\|- class="categorydivision"

Jlee: New page: '''Score = 27''' '''Governed by:''' ''EU law:'' : Articles 101available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT and 102
2010-10-29T18:44:11Z

New page: '''Score = 27''' '''Governed by:''' ''EU law:'' : Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<r...

New page
'''Score = 27'''

'''Governed by:'''
''EU law:''
: Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?

uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the TFEU.
:* Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref>

Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Subcategory !! Score !! Comment

|- class="categorydivision"
| Scope
| Extraterritoriality
| 1
| EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Remedies
|Fines
| 1
|Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.

|-
|
| Prison Sentences
| 0
| The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the ''national'' law can result in prison sentences.

|-
|
| Divestitures
| 1
| Are. L.430-8 of the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers.

|- class="categorydivision"
|Private Enforcement
|3rd Party Initiation
|1
|L.470-7 of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.

|-
|
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties
| 1
| Private enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepaper_en.pdf</ref>

|-
|
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings
| 1
| Art. L.463-1 of the Code de Commerce states that "interested parties" may participate in proceedings.

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under

Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Voluntary
| 0
|

|-
|
| Mandatory
| 3
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge.

|-
|
| Pre-merger
| 2
| Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.

|-
|
| Post-merger
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Assessment
| Dominance
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Restriction of Competition
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro D)
| 1
| Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest, especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.

|-
|
| Public Interest (Pro Authority)
| 0
|

|-
|
| Other
| 0
|

|-
|
| Efficiency
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Dominance
| Limits Access
| 1
| Article 102(b) of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits abuse of a dominant position.

|-
|
| Price Setting
| 1
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits price setting.

|-
|
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| Article 102(c) of the TEFF prohibits discriminatory conditions.

|-
|
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits resale price maintenance.

|-
|
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 0
|

|- class="categorydivision"
| Restrictive Trade Practices
| Price Fixing
| 1
| Article 101(1)(a) of the TEFF prohibits price fixing.

|-
|
| Tying
| 1
| Article 101(1)(e) of the TEFF prohibits tying.

|-
|
| Market Division
| 1
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at

http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Output Restraint
| 1
| Article 101(1)(b)of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.

|-
|
| Market Sharing
| 1
| Article 101(1)(c)of the TEFF prohibits market sharing.

|-
|
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| Article 101(1) of the TEFF prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.

|-
|
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at

http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>

|-
|
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| Article 101(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.

|-
|
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| Article 101(3)of the TEFF allows an efficiency defense.

|}

== References ==
<references />