France/EU, 2009: Difference between revisions

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'''Governed by:'''
'''Governed by:'''
*''EU law:''  
*''EU law:''  
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the EC treaty
:* Articles 101<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT</ref> and 102<ref>available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
:* Regulation 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref> and
 
uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT</ref> of the TFEU.
:* Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 <ref> Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html</ref>  


  Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.
  Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.


*''French Law:''
:*Some French competition law is codified in provisions of the code de la consommation (consumer code).<ref>Available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069565&dateTexte=20080624</ref>
:*The majority is contained in Livre (book) IV of the Code de Commerce.<ref> most recent version of the Code available in French at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?dateTexte=20080624&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000005634379&fastReqId=239729146&fastPos=6&oldAction=rechCodeArticle</ref><ref>Limited English version available at http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=32&r=3094</ref><ref>The French Commercial Code in English 2005, Philip Raworth translator, 2005, Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, Inc.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|- class="categorydivision"
|- class="categorydivision"
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Merger Notification<ref>The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under  
 
Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.</ref>
| Voluntary
| Voluntary
| 0
| 0
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| Limits Access
| Limits Access
| 1
| 1
| Article 82(b) of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.
| Article 102(b) of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.
|-
|-
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| Abusive Acts
| Abusive Acts
| 1
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits abuse of a dominant position.
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits abuse of a dominant position.


|-
|-
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| Price Setting
| Price Setting
| 1
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price setting.
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits price setting.


|-
|-
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| Discriminatory Pricing
| Discriminatory Pricing
| 1
| 1
| Article 82(c) of the EC treaty prohibits discriminatory conditions.
| Article 102(c) of the TEFF prohibits discriminatory conditions.
|-
|-
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| Resale Price Maintenance
| Resale Price Maintenance
| 1
| 1
| Article 82(a) of the EC treaty prohibits resale price maintenance.
| Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits resale price maintenance.
|-
|-
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| Obstacles to Entry
| Obstacles to Entry
| 1
| 1
| Article 82 of the EC treaty prohibits using predatory pricing to  drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>
| Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to  drive competitors from the market<ref>See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html</ref>
|-
|-
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| Price Fixing
| Price Fixing
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1)(a) of the EC treaty prohibits price fixing.
| Article 101(1)(a) of the TEFF prohibits price fixing.
|-
|-
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| Tying
| Tying
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1)(e) of the EC treaty prohibits tying.
| Article 101(1)(e) of the TEFF prohibits tying.
|-
|-
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| Market Division
| Market Division
| 1
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits market division<ref>Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at  
 
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>


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| Output Restraint
| Output Restraint
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b)of the EC treaty prohibits limiting production.
| Article 101(1)(b)of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.
|-
|-
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| Market Sharing
| Market Sharing
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1)(c)of the EC treaty prohibits market sharing.
| Article 101(1)(c)of the TEFF prohibits market sharing.
|-
|-
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| Eliminating Competitors
| Eliminating Competitors
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1) of the EC treaty prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.
| Article 101(1) of the TEFF prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.
|-
|-
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| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging
| 1
| 1
| Article 81 of the EC treaty prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>
| Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits bid-rigging.<ref>Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at  
 
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en</ref>
|-
|-
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| Supply Refusal
| Supply Refusal
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.
| Article 101(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.
|-
|-
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| Efficiency Defense
| Efficiency Defense
| 1
| 1
| Article 81(3)of the EC treaty allows an efficiency defense.
| Article 101(3)of the TEFF allows an efficiency defense.
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 17:28, 13 October 2010

Score = 27

Governed by:

  • EU law:
  • Articles 101[1] and 102[2] of the TFEU.
  • Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 [3]
Note: With effect from 1 December 2009, Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty have become Articles 101 and 102 respectively of the TFEU.
Category Subcategory Score Comment
Scope Extraterritoriality 1 EU law governs whenever conduct has effects on trade between Member States pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003.
Remedies Fines 1 Art. L.420-6 of the Code de Commerce allows for fines for violations of competitive practices. Article L.430-8 allows for fines for improper merger.
Prison Sentences 0 The Code de Commerce does not provide for prison sentences for violations of EU law; however, violations of the national law can result in prison sentences.
Divestitures 1 Are. L.430-8 of the Code de Commerce authorizes divestment in the case of unauthorized mergers.
Private Enforcement 3rd Party Initiation 1 L.470-7 of the Code de Commerce lets trade organizations file civil suits for practices affecting their industry.
Remedies Available to 3rd Parties 1 Private enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 of the EC treaty is mandated and encouraged by the European Commission.[4]
3rd Party Rights in Proceedings 1 Art. L.463-1 of the Code de Commerce states that "interested parties" may participate in proceedings.
Merger Notification[5] Voluntary 0
Mandatory 3 Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge.
Pre-merger 2 Art. L.430-2 of the Code de Commerce requires that large companies get government approval before or when they merge. However, article L. 430-4 allows companies to merge while awaiting approval under urgent circumstances.
Post-merger 0
Merger Assessment Dominance 1 Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of dominance as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.
Restriction of Competition 1 Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of the effects on competition as part of the decision whether to grant a merger.
Public Interest (Pro D) 1 Art. L.430-6 of the Code de Commerce requires consideration of public public interest, especially with regard to international competitors, when deciding whether to permit a merger.
Public Interest (Pro Authority) 0
Other 0
Efficiency 0
Dominance Limits Access 1 Article 102(b) of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.
Abusive Acts 1 Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits abuse of a dominant position.
Price Setting 1 Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits price setting.
Discriminatory Pricing 1 Article 102(c) of the TEFF prohibits discriminatory conditions.
Resale Price Maintenance 1 Article 102(a) of the TEFF prohibits resale price maintenance.
Obstacles to Entry 1 Article 102 of the TEFF prohibits using predatory pricing to drive competitors from the market[6]
Efficiency Defense 0
Restrictive Trade Practices Price Fixing 1 Article 101(1)(a) of the TEFF prohibits price fixing.
Tying 1 Article 101(1)(e) of the TEFF prohibits tying.
Market Division 1 Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits market division[7]


Output Restraint 1 Article 101(1)(b)of the TEFF prohibits limiting production.
Market Sharing 1 Article 101(1)(c)of the TEFF prohibits market sharing.
Eliminating Competitors 1 Article 101(1) of the TEFF prohibits agreements that have the purpose or effect of eliminating competition.
Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging 1 Article 101 of the TEFF prohibits bid-rigging.[8]
Supply Refusal 1 Article 101(1)(b) bans refusal to supply.
Efficiency Defense 1 Article 101(3)of the TEFF allows an efficiency defense.

References

  1. ↑ available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E101:EN:NOT
  2. ↑ available from the EC at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=CELEX:12008E102:EN:NOT
  3. ↑ Available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/regulations.html
  4. ↑ http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/whitepaper_en.pdf
  5. ↑ The National Competition Authority will assess mergers under the National Competition Act. If the concentration affects trade between the Member States, the European Commission will assess the merger under Regulation 139/2004. See the coding for the European Commission for those provisions.
  6. ↑ See the EC antitrust overview, at http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html
  7. ↑ Although the wording of the treaty seems to apply to market sharing, the EC also considers market division illegal. See the EU press release at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/07/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
  8. ↑ Although not explicitly stated in the statute, bid-rigging is considered anti-competitive behavior. See the case involving gas insulated switchgear, at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/80&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
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