France, 1810

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While by no means a comprehensive competition statute, Article 419 of the Penal Code of 1810 has provisions prohibiting price manipulation agreements. Violations could result in prison or fines. [1][2]


References

  1. English translation of the code online from the Napoleon Series, at http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode3b.html
  2. David G. Gerber & Richard Azarnia, Dirgisme and the Challenge of Competition Law in France, (1995) 3 Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L. 9, 13