Penalties Report
This report seeks to codify penalties for violation of competition laws from around the globe. Where possible, the competition law, itself, is the source for information penalties. In some circumstances, secondary sources (e.g., competition authority reports) were used to determine how a nation punishes infringements of its competition laws.
Imprisonment is only coded when it is a punishment for violation of anticompetitive practices. Imprisonment for failure to cooperate with competition authority proceedings or failure to pay fines was not included in this report.
| Country | Fines | Jail | Comment
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Y | N | Art. 73-78 discuss fines.
Maximum one-time fine can be as much as 10% of "the total turnover of the preceding business year of each of the undertakings participating in the infringement" of the Act. Periodic penalties can also be imposed, "... periodic penalty payments not exceeding 5% of the average daily turnover in the preceding business year which is calculated from the date the decision has been taken ..." |
| Algeria | Y | N | Articles 56-62 of the Algerian Competition Statute discuss fines.[1]
The statute provides for fines of up to 7% of annual sales or of up to 3,000,000 dinars. The Commission has recommended a fine of 350,000 FF upon a firm abusing its dominant position,[2] |
| Argentina | Y | N | Article 46(b) imposes fines.
Fines range from 15,000 to 150,000,000 pesos. |
| Armenia | Y | N | Art. 36 imposes fines.
Abuse of a dominant position leads to a fine of up to 5000 times the baseline duty. Mergers resulting in abuses of dominant positions lead to fines of up to 4000 times the baseline duty. Failure to submit materials to the competition commission leads to fines up to 100 times the baseline duty. |
| Australia | Y | Y | TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1974 - SECT 76[3]
Corporations can be fined up to $10,000,000 per infraction. Individuals can be fined up to $500,000 per infraction. Failure to pay fines or cooperate with the enforcement agency can lead to imprisonment.[4] |
| Austria | Y | Y | Fines can be imposed "up to a maximum amount of 10% of the gross income against an entrepreneur or an entrepreneur combination, a that or a those, obtained in the preceeding financial year, deliberately or negligently ..."[5]
Collusive tendering constitutes a criminal offence under section 168b Criminal Code and is punishable by imprisonment of up to three years. |
| Azerbaijan | Y | N | Article 17[6]
Maximum fine data could not be found. Also, could not find any cases of the competition authority (Department on Antimonopoly Policy of MED of the Republic of Azerbaijan) imposing any fines. |
| Barbados | Y | Y | Sections 15 and 20 of the Fair Competition Act provide for fines.[7]
Fines for individuals can reach $150K. Fines for corporate entities can reach $500K or 10% of turnover. Section 43 of the Fair Competition Act provides for prison sentences. The Act provides for prison sentences of up to six months. |
| Belarus | Y | N | The comptetition authority can impose fines.[8] |
| Belgium | Y | N | "The Council may impose on each of the undertakings concerned fines not exceeding 10 % of their turnover determined in accordance with the criteria laid down in Article 46. The Council may also, by the same decision, impose penalty payments for noncompliance with its decision on a daily basis of maximum BEF 250,000 per undertaking concerned."[9] |
| Bolivia | ? | ? | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Y | N | Individuals or firms can be fined "at most 10 (ten)% of value of its total annual income earned in the financial year preceding the year when the infringement is committed." Additionally, fines can range from "15.000 KM to 50.000 KM."[10] |
| Brazil | Y | N | Brazil uses Fiscal Reference Units (UFIR)
Companies are liable for, "a fine from one to thirty percent of the gross pretax revenue thereof as of the latest financial year, which fine shall by no means be lower than the advantage obtained from the underlying violation." Individuals are liable for, "a fine from ten to fifty percent of the fine imposed on said company, which shall be personally and exclusively imposed on the manager." If these cannot be calculated, companies and individuals are liable for 6,000 to 6,000,000 UFIR in fines. Moreover, "Fines imposed on recurring violations shall be doubled."[11] If the individual or firm does not discontinue the illegal activity, they will be fined 5,000 UFIR daily - and this can be multiplied up to 20X.[12] |
| Bulgaria | Y | N | Fines for companies range from BGN 5,000 to 300,000. If infractions continue, fines move-up to BGN 100,000 to 500,000. Failure to comply with a decision of the competition authority results in a fine of BGN 100,000 to 500,000.[13]
Fines for individuals range from BGN 1,000 to 10,000. If infractions continue, fines move-up to BGN 2,000 to 20,000.[14] |
| Burkina Faso | Y | Y | Articles 53-65 of Loi 15/94 du 5 mai 1994 discuss penalties[15]
The statute provides for fines of up to 25,000,000 CFA francs and prison sentences of up to 2 years for competition violations. |
| Cameroon | Y | N | Article 27 of Cameroon's competition statute discusses fines.[16]
Competition violations may result in fines of up to 50% of a firm's Cameroon profits or 20% of its turnover. |
| Canada | Y | Y | Numerous articles of the Competition Act,[17] including §79(3)(1), §47, and §45(1), provide for fines.
The fines for conspiracies can reach $10 million. The fines for abusive monopolies can reach $15 million. Numerous articles of the Competition Act,[18] including §47, §61(9), and §45(1), provide for prison sentences. Violations can result in prison sentences of up to 5 years. |
| Chile | ? | ? | |
| China | Y | N | Articles 46-49 of the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China discuss fines[19]
Fines for competition violations can reach 10% of the previous year's sales revenue. |
| Colombia | Y | N | Articles 55-58 of the competition statute discuss fines[20]
The statute provides for fines of between 100-150% of a corporate violator's ill-gotten gains, or penalties of 100,000 monthly minimum wages. For culpable individuals, the fines can reach 2000 times the monthly wage. |
| Costa Rica | Y | Y | Article 25 of the Law for the Promotion of Competition provides for penalties, as does the Criminal code for issues of noncompliance with regulatory orders.[21][22]
Fines of up to 680 times the monthly minimum wage accrue for serious competition violations. Failure to comply with the orders of the Commission can lead to a year in jail. |
| Cote d'Ivoire | ? | ? | |
| Croatia | Y | N | Articles 61-63 of the statute provide for fines.[23]
Fines for competition violations can be up to 10% of the prior year's turnover for undertakings plus 200,000 Kuna. |
| Cyprus | Y | Y | Penalties are provided by Protection of Competition Law 2008[24]
Fines of up to 10% of the past year's revenue, plus daily penalties of up to 85,000 Euros may accrue. Persisting in anticompetitive behavior after an order from the Commission to stop may result in prison sentences of up to two years. |
| Czech Republic | Y | N | Article 22 governs the impositions of fines. The Office for the Protection of Competition may impose fines "up to CZK 10,000,000 or up to 10% of the net turnover achieved in the last expired accounting period."[25] |
| Denmark | Y | N | Article 23 of the Competition Act allows for fines.[26]
The statue provides for fines, but does not specify the amount of the fines. Article 23(3) states that annual turnover is one factor to be considered when assessing a fine.
|
| El Salvador | Y | N | Article 38 of the Competition Law provides for fines[27]
Fines for violations can reach up to "five thousand minimum monthly urban wages in the industrial sector." |
| Estonia | Y | Y | Articles 62, 73, and 79 of the Competition Act provide for fines.[28]
The Act provides for fines of up to 300 fine units for individuals, and 500,000 Kroons for legal persons. Articles 73 and 79 of the Competition Act provides for prison sentences. Abuses of dominance, restrictive agreements, and failure to notify mergers can result in up to three years in jail. |
| Faroe Island[29] | Y | N | Part 8, Article 31.1 of the Competition Act provides for the imposition of fines.[30]
The statute provides for the imposition of fines for competition violations. Additionally, Article 31.4 provides for confiscation of gains stemming from violations. |
| Fiji | ? | ? | |
| Finland | Y | N | Articles 7, 11, 13, 14, and 17 of the Act on Competition Restrictions provide for fines[31]
The statue provides for fines of up to 10% of annual turnover. |
| France | Y | Y | Article 420-6 of the French Commercial Code[32] discusses competition penalties.
The statute provides for fines of up to 75,000 Euros and prison sentences of up to 4 years for competition violations. Article 430-8 of the Commercial Code[33] discusses penalties for unauthorized mergers. The statute provides for fines to corporations of up to 5% of annual turnover, and for fines to individuals of up to 1.5 million Euros. |
| Georgia | ? | ? | |
| Germany | Y | N | Chapter 81 of the Act Against Restraints of Competition discusses fines.[34]
The Act provides for fines of up to 1 million Euros or 10% of total turnover for the prior year. Further guidelines for fining can be found in the Administrative Offences Act. |
| Hong Kong [35] | ? | ? | |
| Honduras | Y | N | Article 37 and following deal with imposing fines.[36] |
| Hungary | Y | Y | |
| Iceland | Y | Y | Articles 37-39 and 41-42 of the Competition Act provide for fines and prison sentences.[37]
The statute provides for fines ranging from 50,000 ISK to 10% of yearly turnover. Articles 41 and 42 provide for prison sentences of up to six years.
|
| India | Y | Y | Articles 27 and 42-48 of the Competition Act, 2002, discuss penalties.[38]
Penalties for competition violations can reach 10% of average annual turnover or three times the ill-gotten gains from cartel arrangements (in the case of non-cartel violations, the treble damages do not apply). Failure to comply with the orders of the Commission to cease anticompetitive practices can result in prison sentences of one year, and may also result in fines. |
| Indonesia | Y | Y | Articles 47-49 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1999 Concerning the Ban on Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition discuss penalties.[39]
Fines for violations can range from 1 billion to 100 billion rupiah, plus state-ordered compensation. Under Article 48, some violations may result in prison sentences of up to 6 months. |
| Ireland | Y | Y | Article 8 of the Competition Act, 2002, provides for both fines and jail time.[40]
The statute provides for fines for companies of up to the greater of 4,000,000 Euros or 10% of the past year's turnover. It provides for the same fines for individuals, plus the possibility of up to five years in prison. |
| Israel | Y | Y | Articles 47-48 of the Restrictive Trade Practices Law provide for fines and prison sentences[41]
Fines can range to ten times the fines provided in the Israeli Penal Law. Additionally, violations can result in prison sentences of up to three years. |
| Italy | Y | N | Law no. 287/90 allows fines for violations.[42]
Section 14-bis allows fines if interim measures are ordered but companies fail to comply. Section 14-ter permits fines if ccompanies fail to keep commitments they have made to rectify anti-competitive conduct. Section 15 allows fines of up to 10% of annual turnover for failure to remedy violations, depending on the gravity and duration of the infringement. Section 19 imposes fines of up to 10% of annual turnover for failure to comply with prohibitions on concentrations or the merger notification requirement.
|
| Jamaica | Y | Y | Sections 45-47 of the Fair Competition Act discuss penalties.[43]
The statute provides for fines of up to a million dollars for competition violations, and prison sentences of up to two years for refusing to comply with the Commission's requirements. |
| Japan | Y | Y | Articles 89-100 of the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade discuss penalties[44]
Violations can result in fines of up to 5 million yen or prison sentences of up to 3 years. |
| Jersey, Channel Islands | Y | N | Article 39 of the Competition (Jersey) Law provides for fines.[45]
Fines for violations may reach 10% of turnover for every year that violations occurred, up to a maximum of three years. |
| Jordan | Y | N | Articles 20-26 of the Competition Law provide for fines[46]
The statute provides for fines of 1-5% of total annual revenue. If revenues cannot be determined, a fine of 1000-50,000 dinars can be imposed. For merger violations, the fine is between 1000 and 50,000 dinars. |
| Kazakhstan | Y | N | Article 38 of the statute discusses penalties.[47]
The statute permits fines up to the amount of the gain from monopoly. |
| Kenya | Y | Y | Articles 21, 26, and 27 of the Restrictive Trade Practices, Monopolies and Price Control Act discuss penalties.[48]
Article 21 of the statute provides for fines of up to 100,000 and two years imprisonment for violations which continue despite the Minister's orders to cease them. Articles 26 and 27 provide for fines of 200,000 shillings and three years imprisonment for unauthorized or prohibited mergers. |
| Kyrgyzstan | ? | ? | |
| Lao PDR | ? | N | Article 14 of the Decree on Trade Competition deals with penalties.[49]
The statute mentions that violators may be required to compensate businesses injured by their anticompetitive behavior, but the mechanism for such compensation and its extent are unspecified. |
| Latvia | Y | N | Sections 12, 14, and 17 of The Competition Law of 4.10.2001 provide for fines.[50]
The statute provide for fines of up to 10% of annual turnover (minimum 250 lati) for illegal agreements, 5% for abuse of dominance (subject to a raise to 10% upon noncompliance with "legally imposed obligations"), and 1000 lati per day for merger violations. |
| Lithuania | Y | N | Article 41 of the Law on Competition provides for fines.[51]
Fines for violations may reach 10% of gross annual income. |
| Luxembourg | ? | ? | |
| Macedonia | Y | N | Articles 8-9 of the 2007 competition statute amendment[52] discuss penalties.
The statute permits fines of up to 20,000 Euros or 10% of the company's annual income for serious violations. |
| Malawi | Y | Y | Article 51 of the Malawi Competition and Fair Trading Bill, 1998, provides for fines and imprisonment.[53]
The statute provides for fines of up to the greater of a violator's ill-gotten gains or K500,000. It also provides for imprisonment of up to five years. |
| Mali | ? | ? | |
| Malta | Y | N | Article 21 of Malta's competition law discusses fines.[54]
The statute provides for fines of up to 10% of annual corporate turnover for competition violations. |
| Mauritius | Y | Y | Articles 14, 25, and 26 of The Competition Bill provide for fines and prison sentences.[55]
The statue provides for fines of up to 500,000 rupees and/or two years in jail for competition violations. Article 14 provides a more severe penalty for bid rigging of a 500,000 rupee fine or five years in jail. |
| Mexico | Y | N | Articles 35-38 of the Federal Law of Economic Competition provide for fines.[56]
Fines can be up to 100,000 times the general minimum Federal District wage in cases of merger without required notification or restrictive trade practices. |
| Moldova[57] | ? | ? | |
| Mongolia | Y | N | Article 18 of the statute discusses fines.[58]
Competition violators face fines of up to 2.5 million togrogs (corporations)and up to 60,000 togrogs for officials. |
| Namibia | ? | ? | |
| Netherlands | Y | N | Articles 56-57, and 71-75 of Law No. 1997/242 of 22 May 1997 provide for fines.[59]
For abuse of dominant position and restrictive agreements, the fine can reach the greater of 10% of annual turnover, or 450,000 Euros. For unauthorized or anticompetitive mergers, the fine to the responsible individual can be up to 22,500 Euros, plus additional, periodic penalty payments. |
| New Zealand | y | N | Sections 80-Section 89[60] of the Commerce Act discuss penalties.
Section 80 allows courts to impose fines up to the greater of $10M, or triple the profits accruing from the violation (if this can't be determined, 10% of corporate turnover). |
| Nigeria | Y | Y | Article 122 of the Investment and Securities decree provides for fines and prison sentences, but only regarding mergers[61]
The statute provides for a fine of up to N 100,000 or a year in jail for unauthorized mergers. |
| Norway | Y | Y | Articles 28-30 of the Competition Act of 2004 provide for fines. Article 30 also provides for prison sentences.[62]
Articles 28-30 provide for administrative fines, but do not specify the amount of the fines. However, the Norwegian Competition Authority reports two companies being fined roughly 2.5 million and 5.6 million Euros. [63][64] Article 30 provides for prison sentences of up to three years for violations. For particularly egregious violations of the laws against restrictive agreements, prison sentences of up to six years may be imposed. |
| Pakistan | ? | ? | |
| Panama | Y | N | Article 112 provides for fines imposed by the government of up to 1 million Balboas. Article 27 provides for treble damages and costs in civil actions.[65] |
| Papua New Guinea | Y | N | Articles 87 and 95 of The Independent Consumer and Competition Act 2002 provide for fines.[66]
Penalties for competition violations and merger violations may reach K500,000 for individuals, and K10,000,000 for corporations. |
| Peru | Y | N[67] | Article 23 of Legislative Decree 701 provides for fines.[68]
The statute provides for fines of up the lesser of 1,000 UITs[69] or 10% of annual gross sales. Corporate officials may be fined up to 100 UITs. |
| Poland | Y | N | Articles 106-113 of the Act of 16 February 2007 on Competition and Consumer Protection discuss fines[70]
Fines can reach 10% of annual revenue for competition violations and unauthorized mergers. Additionally, fines for corporate officers may reach fifty times the average salary.
|
| Portugal | Y | N | Articles 43-47 of Law No. 18/2003 of 11 June provide for fines.[71]
The statute provides for fines of up to 10% of annual turnover for competition violations. The fine is set to 1% of annual turnover for failing to notify mergers, but additional penalty payments may be tacked onto the 1% fine in the case of delay. |
| Romania | Y | Y | Articles 55-62 of the Competition Law provide for fines. Article 63 provides for jail time.[72]
Fines can reach 1% of annual turnover for failing to notify a merger, and 10% of annual turnover for abuse of a dominant position, restrictive agreements, and conducting a forbidden merger. The statute allows prison sentences of up to four years for key players who engage in competition violations with fraudulent intent. |
| Russia | Y | N | Federal Law No. 25-FZ discusses fines.[73]
Chapter 14 of the statute provides for fines for corporations of up to 2% of annual corporate proceeds for competition violations. It also provides for fines for corporate officials. |
| Saudi Arabia | Y | N | Articles 12-16 of the statute discuss penalties.
There is a fine of up to 5 million riyals for competition violations. Daily fines of up to 10,000 riyals may also accrue for violations.[74] |
| Senegal | Y | N | Articles 11-13 of the Loi No 94-63 du 22 aout 1994 sur les prix, la concurrence, et le contentieux economique discuss fines.[75]
The Commission may impose fines, and fines for noncompliance with Commission orders can range from 100,000 to 30,000,000 CFA francs. |
| Serbia | Y | N | Articles 71 and 72 of the 2005 Law on Protection of Competition[76] discuss penalties.
The statute allow for fines of up to 10% of annual corporate income for serious violations. |
| Slovak Republic | Y | N | Article 38 of the Act of 27 February 2001 on Protection of Competition discusses fines.[77]
The statue provides for fines of up to 10% of annual turnover, or up to 10 million SKK for companies with small or indeterminate turnover. |
| Slovenia | Y | N | Articles 52-53 of the Prevention of the Restriction of Competition Act discuss penalties[78]
The statute provides for a penalty of up to 90,000,000 SIT for corporate entities and up to SIT 3,000,000 for responsible individuals. |
| South Africa | Y | Y | Articles 59 and 74 of the statute discuss penalties.[79]
Article 59 of the statute allows for fines of up to 10% of annual corporate turnover. Article 74 allows for fines of up to 500,000 Rand or 10 years imprisonment for engaging in prohibited conduct in violation of a Commission order, and lesser penalties for other infractions. |
| South Korea | Y | Y | Articles 6 and 22 of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act provide for fines, as do articles 66 and 67.[80]
Under Article 6, fines for abuse of dominance can reach up to 3% of turnover, or 1 billion won. Under Article 22, fines for restrictive agreements can reach 10% of turnover, or 2 billion won. Articles 66-67 provide for fines of up to 200 million won for individuals. Articles 66-67 of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act provide for jail time for competition offenses. Under Articles 66 and 67, competition violations can result in prison sentences of up to 3 years. |
| Spain[81] | ? | ? | |
| Sri Lanka | Y | Y | Section 37 of the Fair Trading Commission Act, No. 1 of 1987 provides for penalties.[82]
The statute provides for fine of up to 5000 rupees, and/or imprisonment of up to one year. |
| Sweden | Y | N | Articles 26-28 and 57 of the Swedish Competition Act provide for fines.[83]
Fines may reach the greater of 10% of annual turnover or 10 million SKr. |
| Switzerland | Y | N | Articles 49a-52, 54, and 55 of the Federal Act on Cartels and Other Restraints of Competition provide for fines.[84]
The statute provides for fines of up to 10% of turnover for the last three years for competition violations. Noncompliance with merger regulations can result in a fine of up to 1,000,000 Swiss francs - for repeat offenders, the fine rises to up to 10% of the revenue of all the involved enterprises. Willful noncompliance with authority orders and decisions can result in fines of up to 100,000 Swiss francs. |
| Syria | Y | N | Article 23 of the Law on Competition and Prevention of Monopoly [85]discusses fines.
The statute provides for fines of up to 10% of corporate turnover for competition violations. |
| Taiwan | Y | Y | Articles 35-44 of the Fair Trade Act provide for penalties.[86]
The statute provides for fines of up to 100 million New Taiwan Dollars or three years in prison for violators who refuse to cease their anticompetitive practices after being ordered to do so. The same applies to repeat offenders. Fines for prohibited mergers can reach 50 millions NTD. |
| Tajikistan[87] | ? | ? | |
| Tanzania | Y | N | Article 60 of the Fair Competition Act of 2003 provides for fines for violations.[88]
The statute provides for fines ranging from 5-10% of annual turnover, plus mandated double damage payments to victims, if their losses can be established.
|
| Thailand | Y | Y | Articles 51-54 of the Trade Competition Act provide for fines and prison sentences for competition violations.[89]
Competition violations can result in fines of up to 6 million Baht and prison sentences of up to three years. The punishments are doubled for repeat offenders. |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Y | N | Article 44 of the Fair Trading Act, 2006 discusses fines.[90]
Violators of the act face fines of up to 10% of annual corporate turnover. |
| Tunisia[91] | ? | ? | |
| Turkey | Y | N | Article 16 of the Act on the Protection of Competition provides for fines.[92]
The statute provides for fines for restrictive trade agreements, abuse of dominance, and anticompetitive mergers. The fines can reach 10% of annual gross revenues. Culpable corporate officers/managers may also be fined up to 5% of the fine imposed on the corporation. |
| Ukraine | Y | N | Article 52 of the 2001 Law of Ukraine on the Protection of Economic Competition provides for fines.[93]
Competition violations can result in fines of up to 10% of annual sales, or 20,000 minimum incomes. |
| United Kingdom | Y | Y | Article 190 of the Enterprise Act of 2002[94] and Article 36 of the Competition Act of 1998[95] provide for fines
The amount of the fines in the Enterprise Act are not specified, nor are the fines in the Competition Act. Article 190 of the Enterprise Act of 2002 provides for prison sentences[96] The statute provides for imprisonment of up to 5 years for cartel activities. |
| United States | Y | Y | Sections 1 & 2 of the Sherman Act discuss penalties.[97]
The statute provides for fines of up to $10M for corporations, and $350K for individuals. It also provides for imprisonment of up to three years. |
| Uruguay | Y | N | Articles 17 and 19 of Ley Nº 18.159 de 20 de julio de 2007 provide for fines.[98]
The statute provides for competition fines of between 100,000 and 20,000,000 indexed units, and/or 10% of annual turnover, and/or triple damages, if determinable. Article 19 also provides for fines for corporate officers who violate merger regulations. |
| Uzbekistan | Y | N | Articles 17-18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activity at the Markets discuss penalties.[99]
The statute provides for fines of up to 500 times the monthly minimum salary. |
| Venezuela | Y | N | Articles 49-51 of the Law to Promote and Protect the Exercise of Free Competition provide for fines.[100]
Some competition violations can result in a fine of up to 20% of the violator's sales. This can be doubled for recidivists. Others can result in a fine of up to 3 million Bolivars. Failure to comply with the Commission's order to cease anticompetitive practices can result in additional fines of up to 1 million Bolivars. |
| Zambia | Y | Y | Provisions 8 and 16 of the Competition and Fair Trading Act provide for fines and prison sentences[101]
Provision 8 states that parties entering into unauthorized, anticompetitive mergers are subject to fines of 10 million Kwacha and/or five years in prison. Provision 16 states that violators of the Act are subject to fines of 10 million Kwacha and/or five years in prison. |
| Zimbabwe | Y | Y | Articles 29, 34A and 42 of the statute discuss penalties.[102]
Art. 42 provides for fines of up to $50K[103] and prison sentences of up to 2 years for specific competition violations. Article 34A provides for fines of up to 10% of domestic corporate turnover for unauthorized or prohibited mergers. |
- ↑ French text of the statute available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,c
- ↑ UN report, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c2emd11.pdf
- ↑ http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/0/115/0/PA004090.htm
- ↑ http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/cgi-bin/topicSrch.pl?action=View&VdkVgwKey=%2Fscale%2Fdata%2Fpasteact%2F0%2F115%2F0%2FPA004150%2Ehtm&DocOffset=1&DocsFound=23&QueryZip=%28%28imprisonment%29%29&SourceQueryZip=VdkVgwKey%3Ccontains%3E%2Fscale%2Fdata%2Fpasteact%2F0%2F115&SortField=Score&SortOrder=desc&ViewTemplate=scaleview%2Ehts&SearchUrl=http%3A%2F%2F152%2E91%2E38%2E100%2Fvtopic%2Evts%3Faction%3DSearch%26QueryZip%3D%2528%2528imprisonment%2529%2529%26SourceQueryZip%3DVdkVgwKey%253Ccontains%253E%252Fscale%252Fdata%252Fpasteact%252F0%252F115%26ResultMaxDocs%3D1000%26ResultTemplate%3Dscaleresults%252Ehts%26SourceQueryText%3DVdkVgwKey%253Ccontains%253E%252Fscale%252Fdata%252Fpasteact%252F0%252F115%26QueryText%3D%2528%2528imprisonment%2529%2529%26SortField%3DScore%26SortOrder%3Ddesc%26ViewTemplate%3Dscaleview%252Ehts%26ResultStart%3D1%26ResultCount%3D50
- ↑ Link to statute: http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwb.gv.at%2FBWB%2FGesetze%2FKartellgesetz%2Fdefault.htm&langpair=de%7Cen&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&prev=%2Flanguage_tools (translated by Google)
- ↑ Link to statute: http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/asia/Azerbeijan/0526.pdf
- ↑ statute available at http://www.commerce.gov.bb/Legislation/Documents/Fair%20Competition%20Act,%20Cap%20326C.pdf
- ↑ See Article 16(1) of competition statute, http://law.by/work/EnglPortal.nsf/6e1a652fbefce34ac2256d910056d559/4dd2237ccbd3b4e6c2256dc1002932c6?OpenDocument
- ↑ See Article 36 of competition statute, http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/europe/Belgium/leg1.pdf
- ↑ See Article 48 of competition statute, http://www.bihkonk.gov.ba/en/laws/low_on_competition_new.pdf
- ↑ See Article 23 of the competition statute, http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/s_america/Brazil/Legisla%E7%E3o%20Antitruste%20em%20ingl%EAs.PDF
- ↑ See Id. at Article 25
- ↑ See Article 59 of competition statute, http://212.122.167.220/system/storage/zak_en_1_119.doc
- ↑ See Article 60 of competition statute, http://212.122.167.220/system/storage/zak_en_1_119.doc
- ↑ statute available online at http://www.artel.bf/Concurrence.html
- ↑ statute available at http://www.spm.gov.cm/showtexte.php?idtexte=156&lang=en
- ↑ Competition Act of 23 August 2000, available at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/C-34
- ↑ Competition Act of 23 August 2000, available at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/C-34
- ↑ the statute can be found at http://china.hktdc.com/content.aspx?data=CHINA_content_en&contentid=970099&src=CN_LawReg&w_sid=194&w_pid=630&w_nid=9927&w_cid=970099&w_idt=1900-01-01&w_oid=180&w_jid=
- ↑ the statute (in Spanish) is available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:21081155~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ Spanish version of statute available at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/n_america/Costa%20Rica/COSTA%20RICA.pdf
- ↑ summary of penalties (in English) available at http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ngroups/NGCP/Publications/domlaws_e.asp
- ↑ Statute available online at http://www.aztn.hr/eng/pdf/zakon/zztn.pdf
- ↑ the statute is currently unavailable in English, but for a summary of the penalty provisions, see the Competition Authority site, at http://www.competition.gov.cy/competition/competition.nsf/faqs_en/faqs_en?OpenDocument#6
- ↑ http://www.compet.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/Legislativa/legislativa_EN/Act_143_2004.doc
- ↑ statute available from the Danish Competition Authority at http://www.ks.dk/en/competition/legislation/
- ↑ statute available at http://www.minec.gob.sv/leyes/LeydeCompetencia_english_.pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.konkurentsiamet.ee/public/competition_act_july_2006.pdf
- ↑ The Faroe Islands are a self-governing territory of Denmark whose citizens are not members of the EU
- ↑ The statute is available at http://www.kapping.fo/Sites/38/Files/The%20Competition%20Act.pdf
- ↑ Statute available from the Finnish Competition Authority, at http://www.kilpailuvirasto.fi/cgi-bin/english.cgi?luku=legislation&sivu=act-on-competition-restrictions-amended
- ↑ English translation from Legifrance at http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=32&r=3096
- ↑ English translation available from Legifrance, at http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=32&r=3097
- ↑ Statute available in English from the German Competition Authority at http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/wEnglisch/download/pdf/06_GWB_7__Novelle_e.pdf
- ↑ While Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China, it operates with some self-government, including its own economic system.
- ↑ In Spanish, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:21326341~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ Statute available from the Icelandic Competition Authority, at http://www.samkeppni.is/en/legislation/
- ↑ statute online at http://www.competition-commission-india.nic.in/Act/competition_act2002.pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/asia/Indonesia/uu_monopoli_(english)1.pdf
- ↑ Statute Available from the Irish Competition Authority at http://www.tca.ie/EnforcingCompetitionLaw/CompetitionLaw/CompetitionLaw.aspx
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.antitrust.gov.il/Antitrust/en-US/LawandRegulations/RestrictiveTradePracticesLaw.htm
- ↑ http://www.agcm.it/AGCM_ENG/NORMATIV/E_NORMNA.NSF/b50758bf27025fecc125653d00467db4/d6cd09a87f1832b7802564a000533ce6?OpenDocument
- ↑ Statute available at http://jftc.com/TheFCA/theact/PDFACT/Fair%20Competition%20Act.pdf
- ↑ available online from the Japanese Competition Authority at http://www.jftc.go.jp/e-page/legislation/ama/amended_ama.pdf
- ↑ statute available at http://www.jcra.je/pdf/051101%20Competition-Jersey-Law--2005.pdf
- ↑ statute available at http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/media/archive0611/mergerjordanlaw.pdf
- ↑ See statute http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCOMPLEGALDB/Resources/CompetitivenesandMonopolyRestrictionLaw20060707_eng.pdf
- ↑ Statute available online at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/africa/Kenya/Restrictive%20Trade%20Practices.pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:20962860%7EpagePK:2137398%7EpiPK:64581526%7EtheSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.competition.lv/uploaded_files/ENG/E_likumK.pdf
- ↑ statute available at http://www.konkuren.lt/english/antitrust/legislation.htm
- ↑ See articles 8-9 of competition statute, http://www.kzk.gov.mk/images/Law%20Amending%20the%20Law%20on%20Protection%20of%20Competition%20(Official%20Gazette%20of%20Republic%20of%20Macedonia%20no.22-07).pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/africa/Malawi/1doc.pdf
- ↑ Statute from the Malta Ministry of Justice, at http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_10/chapt379.pdf
- ↑ Statute available from the Mauritius Government website, http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/2003/bill6.doc
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.apeccp.org.tw/doc/Mexico/Competition/mxcom1.html
- ↑ Current statute unavailable in English
- ↑ Statute courtesy of the Mongolian government, at http://www.pmis.gov.mn/law/english/pdf/unfair_competition.pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/europe/Netherlands/New%20regulations%20on%20economic%20competition.pdf
- ↑ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0005/latest/DLM89442.html#DLM89442
- ↑ Statute available online at http://www.nigeria-law.org/InvestmentsAndSecuritiesDecreeNo45Of1999PartsXI-XIII.htm#Mergers,%20Take-Overs%20and%20Acquisitions
- ↑ Statute available from the Norwegian Competition Authority at http://www.konkurransetilsynet.no/portal/page?_pageid=235,471164&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&menuid=178459&p_d_i=-121&p_d_c=&p_d_v=178459&p_d_i=-7127&p_d_c=&p_d_v=178459&p_d_i=-12732&p_d_c=&p_d_v=178459&p_d_i=-12733&p_d_c=&p_d_v=178459
- ↑ http://www.konkurransetilsynet.no/portal/page?_pageid=235,471114&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&menuid=13086&p_d_i=-121&p_d_c=&p_d_v=416428&p_d_i=-7127&p_d_c=&p_d_v=416428&p_d_i=-12732&p_d_c=&p_d_v=416428&p_d_i=-12733&p_d_c=&p_d_v=416428
- ↑ http://www.konkurransetilsynet.no/portal/page?_pageid=235,471114&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&menuid=13086&p_d_i=-121&p_d_c=&p_d_v=425689&p_d_i=-7127&p_d_c=&p_d_v=425689&p_d_i=-12732&p_d_c=&p_d_v=425689&p_d_i=-12733&p_d_c=&p_d_v=425689
- ↑ in Spanish, at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:21081222~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ Statute available from the World Bank, at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:21039381~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ although the statute does not provide for imprisonment, Article 19 states that fraudulent, severe competition violations may result in criminal prosecution
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.apeccp.org.tw/doc/Peru/Competition/pecom01.html
- ↑ The UIT is an administrative number, currently worth about 3400 Peruvian Nuevos (Peru's official currency)See more at http://www.apeccp.org.tw/doc/Peru/Competition/Competition_Framework.pdf
- ↑ The statute is available online at http://www.uokik.gov.pl/download/Z2Z4L3Vva2lrL2VuL2RlZmF1bHRfb3Bpc3kudjAvMjkvMS8xL3VzdGF3YV9hbnl0bW9ub3BvbG93YV9lbi5wZGY
- ↑ statute available at http://www.concorrencia.pt/Download/descre18ix.pdf
- ↑ Unofficial English translation available from the Competition Council, at http://www.competition.ro/en/Diverse/l21_1996_mod.pdf
- ↑ English translation of statute available at http://www.fas.gov.ru/english/legislation/12479.shtml
- ↑ link to statute: http://www.commerce.gov.sa/english/moci.aspx?Type=8&PageObjectId=731
- ↑ statute available in French at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:20837263~isCURL:Y~menuPK:2137510~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html (note, page 2 discussing penalties appears after page 3.)
- ↑ statute available from Serbian Commission for Protection of Competition, at http://www.kzk.org.yu/?link=96&lang=1
- ↑ Statute available online at http://www.antimon.gov.sk/eng/?c=356
- ↑ Available online at http://www.uvk.gov.si/fileadmin/uvk.gov.si/pageuploads/ZPOmK__neuradno_precisceno_besedilo__-_ang.pdf
- ↑ statute available online at http://www.compcom.co.za/thelaw/ConsolidatedAct.doc
- ↑ Statute available from the Korea Free Trade Commission website, http://ftc.go.kr/data/hwp/(1)mrfta.doc
- ↑ As of 2007, Spain passed a new competition statute, but an English translation is currently unavailable
- ↑ Statute available online at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/asia/Sri%20Lanka/Sri%20Lanka-Act.pdf
- ↑ Unofficial English translation of the statute available from the Swedish Competition Authority at http://www.kkv.se/upload/Filer/ENG/Publications/compact_eng.pdf
- ↑ statute at http://www.weko.admin.ch/imperia/md/images/weko/lcart-english-120107.pdf
- ↑ law available in Arabic from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and The Syria Report, at http://www.syria-report.com/doc/Competition_and_Anti-Trust_Law.pdf - Google translate was used to translate the statute into English.
- ↑ statute available online at http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=169&msgType=en
- ↑ An English translation of the Competition Statute is currently unavailable
- ↑ Statute available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:20825518~menuPK:2137510~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ Statute can be found at the World Bank site, at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTLAWJUSTICE/EXTCOMPLEGALDB/0,,contentMDK:20962873~pagePK:2137398~piPK:64581526~theSitePK:2137348,00.html
- ↑ http://www.ttparliament.org/bills/acts/2006/a2006-13.pdf
- ↑ An English version of the statute is currently unavailable.
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc
- ↑ statute available online at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/europe/Ukraine/LEGISLATION.pdf
- ↑ Available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/ukpga_20020040_en_17#pt6-pb1-l1g190
- ↑ http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/europe/UnitedKingdom/The%20Competition%20Act%201998.PDF
- ↑ Available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/ukpga_20020040_en_17#pt6-pb1-l1g190
- ↑ The text of the statute can be found at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/n_america/USA/us_saa.pdf
- ↑ Google translation available at http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.ccea.com.uy/boletines/leyN18159.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=4&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DLey%2BN%25C2%25BA%2B18.159%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3D8yt%26sa%3DG
- ↑ statute available online at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/asia/Uzbekistan/competition.pdf
- ↑ Statute available at http://www.procompetencia.gov.ve/lppelc-eng.html
- ↑ statute available online at http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/africa/Zambia/COMPETITION%20anDFAIR%20TRADING%20ACT.PDF
- ↑ http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/regions/africa/Zimbabwe/Competition%20Act.pdf
- ↑ As of 2008, Zimbabwe was experiencing hyperinflation, which makes the value of the $50K fine comparable to about $1US. For more, visit http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/20/news/Zimbabwe-Money-Chaos.php