France, 1953
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Score = 10
Governed by: Decree 53-704 of August 9, 1953. The decree amends Ordonnance 45-1485 of June 30, 1945. [1][2]
| Category | Subcategory | Score | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scope | Extraterritoriality | 0 | |
| Remedies | Fines | 1 | Art. 419 of the Penal Code permits fines for price manipulation.[3] |
| Prison Sentences | 1 | Art. 419 of the Penal Code permits prison sentences for price manipulation.[4] | |
| Divestitures | 0 | ||
| Private Enforcement | 3rd Party Initiation | 0 | |
| Remedies Available to 3rd Parties | 0 | ||
| 3rd Party Rights in Proceedings | 0 | ||
| Merger Notification | Voluntary | 0 | The law does not address mergers. |
| Mandatory | 0 | ||
| Pre-merger | 0 | ||
| Post-merger | 0 | ||
| Merger Assessment | Dominance | 0 | |
| Restriction of Competition | 0 | ||
| Public Interest (Pro D) | 0 | ||
| Public Interest (Pro Authority) | 0 | ||
| Other | 0 | ||
| Efficiency | 0 | ||
| Dominance | Limits Access | 1 | Art. 37(1)(a) prohibits any party from refusing to sell to consumers. |
| Abusive Acts | 0 | ||
| Price Setting | 1 | Article 37(f)(1)(4)prohibits price setting by any party. | |
| Discriminatory Pricing | 1 | Art. 37(b) prohibits discriminatory pricing. | |
| Resale Price Maintenance | 1 | Art. 37(1)(f)(4) prohibits any party from engaging in resale price maintenance. | |
| Obstacles to Entry | 0 | ||
| Efficiency Defense | |||
| Restrictive Trade Practices | Price Fixing | 1 | Article 59 bis prohibits price fixing. |
| Tying | 1 | Art. 37(1)(c) prohibits tying. | |
| Market Division | 1 | Circular 65 of March 31, 1954 states that banned practices include segmenting the market by geography.[5] | |
| Output Restraint | 1 | Circular 65 of March 31, 1954 states that banned practices include output restraint.[6] | |
| Market Sharing | 0 | ||
| Eliminating Competitors | 0 | ||
| Collusive Tendering/Bid-Rigging | 0 | ||
| Supply Refusal | 0 | ||
| Efficiency Defense | 1 | Article 59 ter allows otherwise prohibited practices if they increase efficiency. |
References
- ↑ Business Regulation in the Common Market Nations, (Harlan M. Blake, ed., 1969), at 105-126.
- ↑ Stefan A. Rosenfeld, The Legal Protection of Competition in France, 48 Cal. L. Rev 574, 580-95 (1960). pp. 593-95 contain an English translation of many of the relevant portions of the statute. The full text of the statute is unavailable.
- ↑ In force since 1810, Art. 419 was slightly modified in 1926. An English translation is available in Rosenfeld, supra note 2, at 578 n.21.
- ↑ Id.
- ↑ Id. at 590. Actual text of the circular is unavailable.
- ↑ Id.